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This page gives a complete overview of all known Enigma wirings.
The wiring of the early machines (Enigma A, Enigma B and Enigma H)
is currently unknown. In the tables below, the wiring is given for each
cipher wheel, the entry wheel (ETW) and the reflector (UKW). In the column
Notch the position of the turnover notch on the circumference of the
wheel is given, whilst the column Turnover shows which letter (or number)
is visible in the window at that time.
Please note that the wheels of the Service Enigma machines (Enigma I)
have numbers (01-26) rather than letters (A-Z) around their circumference.
As these are functionally identical (01=A, 02=B, etc.)
we have only used letters in the tables below.
|
German Army and Air Force (Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe)
The Enigma I was the main Enigma machine used by the
German Army. The Army and Navy machines were the only ones with a
plug board.
Below is the wiring for each wheel, the ETW and all three known
UKWs. UKW-A was used before WWII [1]. UKW-B was the standard reflector
during the war and UKW-C was only used in the later part of the war.
The wiring of all 5 wheels is identical to the wiring of the
first 5 wheels of the Enigma M3 (Navy)
and the U-Boot Enigma M4.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
|
|
|
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I
|
EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
|
Y
|
Q
|
1
|
|
II
|
AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
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III
|
BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
|
D
|
V
|
1
|
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IV
|
ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
|
R
|
J
|
1
|
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V
|
VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
|
H
|
Z
|
1
|
|
UKW-A
|
EJMZALYXVBWFCRQUONTSPIKHGD
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|
|
|
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UKW-B
|
YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
|
|
|
|
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UKW-C
|
FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
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Postwar usage
In 1945, immediately after WWII, some captured
Enigma-I machines were
used by the the former Norwegian Police Security Service:
Overvaakingspolitiet.
They modified the wheel wiring
and the wiring of the Umkehrwalze (UKW, reflector).
The wiring of the Eintrittzwalze (ETW, entry wheel) and the position
of the turnover notches on the wheels were left unaltered.
A machine that is modified in this way, is often called
Norway Enigma or Norenigma as suggested by Frode Weierud
in 2001 in order to discriminate between the standard and the modified
wiring [2].
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
|
|
|
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I
|
WTOKASUYVRBXJHQCPZEFMDINLG
|
Y
|
Q
|
1
|
|
II
|
GJLPUBSWEMCTQVHXAOFZDRKYNI
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
JWFMHNBPUSDYTIXVZGRQLAOEKC
|
D
|
V
|
1
|
|
IV
|
ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
|
R
|
J
|
1
|
|
V
|
HEJXQOTZBVFDASCILWPGYNMURK
|
H
|
Z
|
1
|
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UKW
|
MOWJYPUXNDSRAIBFVLKZGQCHET
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|
|
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German Navy (Kriegsmarine)
The Enigma M1, M2 and M3 machines
were used by the German Navy (Kriegsmarine).
They are basically compatible with the Enigma I.
The wiring of the Enigma M3 is given in the table below.
Wheels I thru V are identical to those of the Enigma I.
The same is true for UKW B and C.
The three additional wheels (VI, VII and VIII) were
used exclusively by the Kriegsmarine.
The machine is also compatible with the Enigma M4
(when the 4th wheel of the M4 is set to 'A').
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
|
Y
|
Q
|
1
|
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II
|
AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
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III
|
BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
|
D
|
V
|
1
|
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IV
|
ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
|
R
|
J
|
1
|
|
V
|
VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
|
H
|
Z
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1
|
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VI
|
JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
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HU
|
ZM
|
2
|
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VII
|
NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
|
HU
|
ZM
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2
|
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VIII
|
FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
|
HU
|
ZM
|
2
|
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UKW-B
|
YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
|
|
|
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UKW-C
|
FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
|
|
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|
U-Boot Enigma
The Enigma M4 was a further development of the
M3 and was used exclusively by the U-Boot division
of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine). It was introduced unexpectedly
on 2 February 1942.
Below is the wiring for each wheel, the ETW and all known
UKWs. UKW-B was the standard reflector throughout the war and UKW-C
was only temporarily used during the war.
The wiring of the first 5 wheels (I-V)is identical to the wiring of the
5 wheels of the Enigma I used by the Wehrmacht
and Luftwaffe. This allowed secure communication between
the departments.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
|
Y
|
Q
|
1
|
|
II
|
AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
|
D
|
V
|
1
|
|
IV
|
ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
|
R
|
J
|
1
|
|
V
|
VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
|
H
|
Z
|
1
|
|
VI
|
JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
|
HU
|
ZM
|
2
|
|
VII
|
NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
|
HU
|
ZM
|
2
|
|
VIII
|
FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
|
HU
|
ZM
|
2
|
|
Beta
|
LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS
|
|
|
|
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Gamma
|
FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD
|
|
|
|
|
UKW-B
|
ENKQAUYWJICOPBLMDXZVFTHRGS
|
|
|
|
|
UKW-C
|
RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPSUQ
|
|
|
|
|
The three extra wheels (VI, VII and VIII) have two notches each,
which causes a more frequent wheel turnover, but also introduces
another weakness (more about the Wheel turnover).
|
Zählwerk Enigma A28 and G31
The Zählwerk Enigma was the first machine with a cog-wheel
driven stepping mechanism. It is the predecessor of the Enigma G.
As the Zählwerk Enigma was built as a commercial machine, the initial wiring
was identical to the wiring of the Enigma D.
The machine (and also the later G31)
was also sold to the military
(e.g. to the German secret service, the Abwehr)
and to some foreign customers.
Some of the latter changed the wiring of the cipher wheels, but in
most cases the wiring of the UKW was left unaltered.
Examples of individual Enigma G wiring are given below.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
G31 Abwehr Enigma
The table below shows the wiring of the G-312. Although the machine is
believed to have been used by the German Abwehr, it is the only
one every found with this wiring [3].
Different wirings were used for different
sections of the Abwehr, and also for different radio nets. It is also
possible that some machines were rewired a number of times
during their lifetime.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
DMTWSILRUYQNKFEJCAZBPGXOHV
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
|
II
|
HQZGPJTMOBLNCIFDYAWVEUSRKX
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
|
III
|
UQNTLSZFMREHDPXKIBVYGJCWOA
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
|
UKW
|
RULQMZJSYGOCETKWDAHNBXPVIF
|
|
|
|
|
G31 Abwehr Enigma
In March 1945, just before the end of WWII, the Argentine police arrested the
German spy Johann Siegfried Becker. In his posession was an Enigma model G31
with serial number G-260. Two months later, they handed the machine over to the
Americans [4].
As Becker was believed to work for the German Secret Service,
the Abwehr, it is most likely that the G-260 was wired for Abwehr
communication. The machine is now on public display at the NCM
in Fort Meade (Maryland, US).
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
RCSPBLKQAUMHWYTIFZVGOJNEXD
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
|
II
|
WCMIBVPJXAROSGNDLZKEYHUFQT
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
|
III
|
FVDHZELSQMAXOKYIWPGCBUJTNR
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
G31 Hungarian Enigma
The G-111 was a special version of the
Enigma G
(G31 model Ch.15b) [5] that was built for the Hungarian Army.
It was supplied with five cipher discs.
The table below shows the wiring of the wheels of the G-111,
the entry disc (Eintrittswalze, ETW) and the
reflector (Umkehrwalze, UKW).
Note that only wheels I, II and V were
present with this machine.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
*1
|
|
|
|
I
|
WLRHBQUNDKJCZSEXOTMAGYFPVI
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
|
II
|
TFJQAZWMHLCUIXRDYGOEVBNSKP
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
|
III
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
11
|
|
IV
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
V
|
QTPIXWVDFRMUSLJOHCANEZKYBG
|
AEHNPUY
|
SWZFHMQ
|
7
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
*2
|
|
|
|
As we can learn from the above table, the number of notches as well as the
turnover positions of wheels I
and II are identical to those on the same wheels of other Zählwerk machines
(17 and 15 notches respectively).
|
-
This machine contains the standard wiring of the ETW for a commercial machine.
-
The UKW is also wired in the standard fashion for a commercial machine.
|
Commercial Enigma A26
The Enigma D can be considered as the main commercial
machine [6].
It was introduced in 1926 and was the basis for most of the later
machines, including the Enigma K,
the Enigma I
and the Zählwerk Enigma. The wiring was identical for all
commercial machines, including the later Enigma K (A27).
Although the wiring of the wheels was changed by some customers,
they often left the wiring of the UKW intact. As far as we know, the
wiring of the ETW was never changed.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Commercial Enigma A27
The wiring of the wheels of the standard Enigma K was identical
to the wiring of the Enigma D. This suggests that the
machine was initially intended for commercial customers. The standard
commercial wiring is given in the table below [7].
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Swiss Enigma K variant
This was the Swiss variant of the Enigma K.
All Enigma K machines were delivered by the Germans with the standard
commercial wheel wiring, also known from the Enigma D
(see the table below).
Immediately after reception, however, the Swiss changed the wiring of
all cipher wheels [7].
Although the Swiss altered the wiring of the cipher wheels (I, II and III),
the wiring of the UKW (reflector) was left unchanged. This is true for all
three users of the Enigma K: the Swiss Army, the Air Force and the Foreign
Ministry (diplomatic service).
In the table below, the only known wiring of the wheels of the Swiss Air Force
are given. The wiring of the other services are unknown to us.
Swiss Enigma K Wheel Wiring (Swiss Air Force)
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
PEZUOHXSCVFMTBGLRINQJWAYDK
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
II
|
ZOUESYDKFWPCIQXHMVBLGNJRAT
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
EHRVXGAOBQUSIMZFLYNWKTPDJC
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Enigma K with UKW-D
The Enigma KD was a standard commercial
Enigma K machine with a rewirable
reflector (UKW-D).
Below is the wiring if the first three wheels (I, II and III) of the Enigma KD
that was found in the archives of the FRA [8]. This wiring might be identical
to the first three wheels of the Enigma KD used by Mil Amt during WWII,
but this is currently uncertain.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
VEZIOJCXKYDUNTWAPLQGBHSFMR
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
|
II
|
HGRBSJZETDLVPMQYCXAOKINFUW
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
|
III
|
NWLHXGRBYOJSAZDVTPKFQMEUIC
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
|
UKW
|
NSUOMKLIHZFGEADVXWBYCPRQTJ
|
|
|
*1
|
|
-
Note that due to the nature of the (rewirable) UKW it does not have a
fixed wiring. The table above shows the wiring of the UKW when the machine
was discovered at the FRU. The actual wiring will have been changed
frequently when the machine was used in an operational context.
-
Mil Amt changed the order of the wheels and the Ringstellung
daily, whilst the Grundstellung (and probably also the wiring of
UKW-D) was changed every three weeks [7].
|
Modified Enigma K
During WWII, the Germans used a special Enigma machine for
the German Railway (Reichsbahn).
It was basically a standard commercial Enigma K
with rewired wheels and a rewired UKW.
Furthermore, the position of the notches
of wheels I and III were swapped [7].
More...
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
JGDQOXUSCAMIFRVTPNEWKBLZYH
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
II
|
NTZPSFBOKMWRCJDIVLAEYUXHGQ
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
JVIUBHTCDYAKEQZPOSGXNRMWFL
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
QYHOGNECVPUZTFDJAXWMKISRBL
|
|
|
|
|
Japanese Enigma (Tirpitz)
The Enigma T (Tirpitz) was a special version of the
Enigma K that was made for the Japanese Army during WWII.
The wheels were wired differently and each had five turnover notches [7].
The table below shows the wiring of the wheels,
the entry disc (ETW) and the reflector (UKW).
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
KZROUQHYAIGBLWVSTDXFPNMCJE
|
|
*1
|
|
|
I
|
KPTYUELOCVGRFQDANJMBSWHZXI
|
EHMSY
|
WZEKQ
|
5
|
|
II
|
UPHZLWEQMTDJXCAKSOIGVBYFNR
|
EHNTZ
|
WZFLR
|
5
|
|
III
|
QUDLYRFEKONVZAXWHMGPJBSICT
|
EHMSY
|
WZEKQ
|
5
|
|
IV
|
CIWTBKXNRESPFLYDAGVHQUOJZM
|
EHNTZ
|
WZFLR
|
5
|
|
V
|
UAXGISNJBVERDYLFZWTPCKOHMQ
|
GKNSZ
|
YCFKR
|
5
|
|
VI
|
XFUZGALVHCNYSEWQTDMRBKPIOJ
|
FMQUY
|
XEIMQ
|
5
|
|
VII
|
BJVFTXPLNAYOZIKWGDQERUCHSM
|
GKNSZ
|
YCFKR
|
5
|
|
VIII
|
YMTPNZHWKODAJXELUQVGCBISFR
|
FMQUY
|
XEIMQ
|
5
|
|
UKW
|
GEKPBTAUMOCNILJDXZYFHWVQSR
|
|
|
|
|
-
Note that this is the only machine with a different wiring for the
ETW. All other Enigma machines have an ETW that is wired either in
the order of the alphabet (ABCDEF...) or the order of the keyboard
(QWERZU...).
|
The following people have contributed to the information on this page.
For detailed copyright information please refer to the relevant page
for each of the Enigma machines mentioned here.
|
- Neils Faurholt
- David Hamer
- Philip Marks
- Tom Perera
- Paul Reuvers
- Marc Simons
- Geoff Sullivan
- Frode Weierud
- Anders Wik
|
- Philip Marks and Frode Weierud,
Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1, pp. 55-66.
- David Hamer and Frode Weierud, personal correspondence.
2001.
- David Hamer, G-312: An Abwehr Enigma
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1.
- US Military Attaché in Argentine, Intelligence Report about G-260
US Navy Intelligence Division. 30 May 1945.
NARA CBKI 13, Box 5395, nr. 1574 1
- Paul Reuvers & Marc Simons. G-111: A rare Zählwerk Enigma variant
Detailed description of the Enigma G-111. August 2009.
- Paul Reuvers and Marc Simons, Wiring of Enigma A818
Wiring of the A818 verified in October 2011 as commercial wiring.
- David Hamer, Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud
Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines
Cryptologia, July 1998, Volume XXII, Number 3.
- Försvarets Radioanstalt (FRA), Sweden (National Defence Radio Establishment)
Enigma KD from private collection of FRA.
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